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: Before running formal tests, use the book's guidance on descriptive statistics and graphs to check for data entry errors, understand the distribution of your variables, and identify any outliers.

This ensures SPSS excludes these cases from calculations without breaking the dataset structure. Computing New Variables To create a composite score or sum multiple survey items: Navigate to > Compute Variable . Type a name in the Target Variable box. ibm+spss+statistics+27+step+by+step+pdf+work

Click on the "Variable View" tab at the bottom left. Name your variables (e.g., "Age", "Gender") and set the measurement levels (Nominal, Ordinal, or Scale). : Before running formal tests, use the book's

The main interface contains two tabs at the bottom left of the screen: Type a name in the Target Variable box

Define how the old numbers map to the new numbers (e.g., Old Range 18 through 25 →right arrow New Value 1 ). Click , then Continue , and finally OK . Handling Missing Data

Use Data -> Select Cases to perform analyses on a specific subset of data. 4. Conducting Data Analysis Step-by-Step

Navigate to Analyze > Compare Means > Independent-Samples T Test .